Osmolality and Non-Structural Carbohydrate Composition in the Secondary Phloem of Trees across a Latitudinal Gradient in Europe.
Identifieur interne : 001745 ( Main/Exploration ); précédent : 001744; suivant : 001746Osmolality and Non-Structural Carbohydrate Composition in the Secondary Phloem of Trees across a Latitudinal Gradient in Europe.
Auteurs : Anna Lintunen [Finlande] ; Teemu Paljakka [Finlande] ; Tuula Jyske [Finlande] ; Mikko Peltoniemi [Finlande] ; Frank Sterck [Pays-Bas] ; Georg Von Arx [Suisse] ; Hervé Cochard [France] ; Paul Copini [Pays-Bas] ; Maria C. Caldeira [Portugal] ; Sylvain Delzon [France] ; Roman Gebauer [République tchèque] ; Leila Grönlund [Finlande] ; Natasa Kiorapostolou [Pays-Bas] ; Silvia Lechthaler [Italie] ; Raquel Lobo-Do-Vale [Portugal] ; Richard L. Peters [Suisse] ; Giai Petit [Italie] ; Angela L. Prendin [Italie] ; Yann Salmon [Finlande] ; Kathy Steppe [Belgique] ; Josef Urban [République tchèque] ; Sílvia Roig Juan [Finlande] ; Elisabeth M R. Robert [Belgique] ; Teemu Höltt [Finlande]Source :
- Frontiers in plant science [ 1664-462X ] ; 2016.
Abstract
Phloem osmolality and its components are involved in basic cell metabolism, cell growth, and in various physiological processes including the ability of living cells to withstand drought and frost. Osmolality and sugar composition responses to environmental stresses have been extensively studied for leaves, but less for the secondary phloem of plant stems and branches. Leaf osmotic concentration and the share of pinitol and raffinose among soluble sugars increase with increasing drought or cold stress, and osmotic concentration is adjusted with osmoregulation. We hypothesize that similar responses occur in the secondary phloem of branches. We collected living bark samples from branches of adult Pinus sylvestris, Picea abies, Betula pendula and Populus tremula trees across Europe, from boreal Northern Finland to Mediterranean Portugal. In all studied species, the observed variation in phloem osmolality was mainly driven by variation in phloem water content, while tissue solute content was rather constant across regions. Osmoregulation, in which osmolality is controlled by variable tissue solute content, was stronger for Betula and Populus in comparison to the evergreen conifers. Osmolality was lowest in mid-latitude region, and from there increased by 37% toward northern Europe and 38% toward southern Europe due to low phloem water content in these regions. The ratio of raffinose to all soluble sugars was negligible at mid-latitudes and increased toward north and south, reflecting its role in cold and drought tolerance. For pinitol, another sugar known for contributing to stress tolerance, no such latitudinal pattern was observed. The proportion of sucrose was remarkably low and that of hexoses (i.e., glucose and fructose) high at mid-latitudes. The ratio of starch to all non-structural carbohydrates increased toward the northern latitudes in agreement with the build-up of osmotically inactive C reservoir that can be converted into soluble sugars during winter acclimation in these cold regions. Present results for the secondary phloem of trees suggest that adjustment with tissue water content plays an important role in osmolality dynamics. Furthermore, trees acclimated to dry and cold climate showed high phloem osmolality and raffinose proportion.
DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00726
PubMed: 27313582
PubMed Central: PMC4887491
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Caldeira</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Forest Research Centre, School of Agriculture, University of Lisbon Lisbon, Portugal.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Portugal</country><wicri:regionArea>Forest Research Centre, School of Agriculture, University of Lisbon Lisbon</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>University of Lisbon Lisbon</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Delzon, Sylvain" sort="Delzon, Sylvain" uniqKey="Delzon S" first="Sylvain" last="Delzon">Sylvain Delzon</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>INRA, University of Bordeaux, UMR BIOGECO Talence, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>INRA, University of Bordeaux, UMR BIOGECO Talence</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>UMR BIOGECO Talence</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>UMR BIOGECO Talence</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gebauer, Roman" sort="Gebauer, Roman" uniqKey="Gebauer R" first="Roman" last="Gebauer">Roman Gebauer</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Forest, Botany, Dendrology and Geobiocenology, Mendel University in Brno Brno, Czech Republic.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">République tchèque</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Forest, Botany, Dendrology and Geobiocenology, Mendel University in Brno Brno</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Mendel University in Brno Brno</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gronlund, Leila" sort="Gronlund, Leila" uniqKey="Gronlund L" first="Leila" last="Grönlund">Leila Grönlund</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki Helsinki, Finland.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Finlande</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki Helsinki</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>University of Helsinki Helsinki</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kiorapostolou, Natasa" sort="Kiorapostolou, Natasa" uniqKey="Kiorapostolou N" first="Natasa" last="Kiorapostolou">Natasa Kiorapostolou</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Department of Environmental Sciences, Wageningen University Wageningen, Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Pays-Bas</country><wicri:regionArea>Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Department of Environmental Sciences, Wageningen University Wageningen</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Wageningen University Wageningen</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lechthaler, Silvia" sort="Lechthaler, Silvia" uniqKey="Lechthaler S" first="Silvia" last="Lechthaler">Silvia Lechthaler</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department Territorio e Sistemi Agro-Forestali, Legnaro (PD), Università degli Studi di Padova Padova, Italy.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department Territorio e Sistemi Agro-Forestali, Legnaro (PD), Università degli Studi di Padova Padova</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Università degli Studi di Padova Padova</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lobo Do Vale, Raquel" sort="Lobo Do Vale, Raquel" uniqKey="Lobo Do Vale R" first="Raquel" last="Lobo-Do-Vale">Raquel Lobo-Do-Vale</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Forest Research Centre, School of Agriculture, University of Lisbon Lisbon, Portugal.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Portugal</country><wicri:regionArea>Forest Research Centre, School of Agriculture, University of Lisbon Lisbon</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>University of Lisbon Lisbon</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Peters, Richard L" sort="Peters, Richard L" uniqKey="Peters R" first="Richard L" last="Peters">Richard L. Peters</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL Birmensdorf, Switzerland.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country><wicri:regionArea>Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL Birmensdorf</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Snow and Landscape Research WSL Birmensdorf</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Petit, Giai" sort="Petit, Giai" uniqKey="Petit G" first="Giai" last="Petit">Giai Petit</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department Territorio e Sistemi Agro-Forestali, Legnaro (PD), Università degli Studi di Padova Padova, Italy.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department Territorio e Sistemi Agro-Forestali, Legnaro (PD), Università degli Studi di Padova Padova</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Università degli Studi di Padova Padova</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Prendin, Angela L" sort="Prendin, Angela L" uniqKey="Prendin A" first="Angela L" last="Prendin">Angela L. Prendin</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department Territorio e Sistemi Agro-Forestali, Legnaro (PD), Università degli Studi di Padova Padova, Italy.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department Territorio e Sistemi Agro-Forestali, Legnaro (PD), Università degli Studi di Padova Padova</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Università degli Studi di Padova Padova</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Salmon, Yann" sort="Salmon, Yann" uniqKey="Salmon Y" first="Yann" last="Salmon">Yann Salmon</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Physics, University of Helsinki Helsinki, Finland.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Finlande</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Physics, University of Helsinki Helsinki</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>University of Helsinki Helsinki</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Steppe, Kathy" sort="Steppe, Kathy" uniqKey="Steppe K" first="Kathy" last="Steppe">Kathy Steppe</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Department of Applied Ecology and Environmental Biology, Ghent University Gent, Belgium.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Belgique</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Department of Applied Ecology and Environmental Biology, Ghent University Gent</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Ghent University Gent</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Urban, Josef" sort="Urban, Josef" uniqKey="Urban J" first="Josef" last="Urban">Josef Urban</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Forest, Botany, Dendrology and Geobiocenology, Mendel University in Brno Brno, Czech Republic.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">République tchèque</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Forest, Botany, Dendrology and Geobiocenology, Mendel University in Brno Brno</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Mendel University in Brno Brno</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Roig Juan, Silvia" sort="Roig Juan, Silvia" uniqKey="Roig Juan S" first="Sílvia" last="Roig Juan">Sílvia Roig Juan</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Natural Resources Institute Finland Vantaa, Finland.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Finlande</country><wicri:regionArea>Natural Resources Institute Finland Vantaa</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Robert, Elisabeth M R" sort="Robert, Elisabeth M R" uniqKey="Robert E" first="Elisabeth M R" last="Robert">Elisabeth M R. Robert</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Centre for Ecological Research and Forestry Applications (CREAF)Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain; Laboratory of Plant Biology and Nature Management (APNA), Vrije Universiteit BrusselBrussels, Belgium; Laboratory of Wood Biology and Xylarium, Royal Museum for Central Africa (RMCA)Tervuren, Belgium.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Belgique</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre for Ecological Research and Forestry Applications (CREAF)Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain; Laboratory of Plant Biology and Nature Management (APNA), Vrije Universiteit BrusselBrussels, Belgium; Laboratory of Wood Biology and Xylarium, Royal Museum for Central Africa (RMCA)Tervuren</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Royal Museum for Central Africa (RMCA)Tervuren</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Holtt, Teemu" sort="Holtt, Teemu" uniqKey="Holtt T" first="Teemu" last="Höltt">Teemu Höltt</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki Helsinki, Finland.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Finlande</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki Helsinki</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>University of Helsinki Helsinki</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PubMed</idno><date when="2016">2016</date><idno type="RBID">pubmed:27313582</idno><idno type="pmid">27313582</idno><idno type="doi">10.3389/fpls.2016.00726</idno><idno type="pmc">PMC4887491</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Corpus">001744</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Main" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PubMed">001744</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Curation">001744</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Main" wicri:step="Curation">001744</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Exploration">001744</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en">Osmolality and Non-Structural Carbohydrate Composition in the Secondary Phloem of Trees across a Latitudinal Gradient in Europe.</title><author><name sortKey="Lintunen, Anna" sort="Lintunen, Anna" uniqKey="Lintunen A" first="Anna" last="Lintunen">Anna Lintunen</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki Helsinki, Finland.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Finlande</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki Helsinki</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>University of Helsinki Helsinki</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Paljakka, Teemu" sort="Paljakka, Teemu" uniqKey="Paljakka T" first="Teemu" last="Paljakka">Teemu Paljakka</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki Helsinki, Finland.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Finlande</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki Helsinki</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>University of Helsinki Helsinki</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jyske, Tuula" sort="Jyske, Tuula" uniqKey="Jyske T" first="Tuula" last="Jyske">Tuula Jyske</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Natural Resources Institute Finland Vantaa, Finland.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Finlande</country><wicri:regionArea>Natural Resources Institute Finland Vantaa</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Peltoniemi, Mikko" sort="Peltoniemi, Mikko" uniqKey="Peltoniemi M" first="Mikko" last="Peltoniemi">Mikko Peltoniemi</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Natural Resources Institute Finland Vantaa, Finland.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Finlande</country><wicri:regionArea>Natural Resources Institute Finland Vantaa</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sterck, Frank" sort="Sterck, Frank" uniqKey="Sterck F" first="Frank" last="Sterck">Frank Sterck</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Department of Environmental Sciences, Wageningen University Wageningen, Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Pays-Bas</country><wicri:regionArea>Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Department of Environmental Sciences, Wageningen University Wageningen</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Wageningen University Wageningen</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Von Arx, Georg" sort="Von Arx, Georg" uniqKey="Von Arx G" first="Georg" last="Von Arx">Georg Von Arx</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL Birmensdorf, Switzerland.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country><wicri:regionArea>Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL Birmensdorf</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Snow and Landscape Research WSL Birmensdorf</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cochard, Herve" sort="Cochard, Herve" uniqKey="Cochard H" first="Hervé" last="Cochard">Hervé Cochard</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>INRA, UMR 547 PIAF, Université Clermont Auvergne Clermont-Ferrand, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>INRA, UMR 547 PIAF, Université Clermont Auvergne Clermont-Ferrand</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Université Clermont Auvergne Clermont-Ferrand</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>Université Clermont Auvergne Clermont-Ferrand</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Copini, Paul" sort="Copini, Paul" uniqKey="Copini P" first="Paul" last="Copini">Paul Copini</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Department of Environmental Sciences, Wageningen UniversityWageningen, Netherlands; Alterra, Wageningen University and Research CentreWageningen, Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Pays-Bas</country><wicri:regionArea>Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Department of Environmental Sciences, Wageningen UniversityWageningen, Netherlands; Alterra, Wageningen University and Research CentreWageningen</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Wageningen University and Research CentreWageningen</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Caldeira, Maria C" sort="Caldeira, Maria C" uniqKey="Caldeira M" first="Maria C" last="Caldeira">Maria C. Caldeira</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Forest Research Centre, School of Agriculture, University of Lisbon Lisbon, Portugal.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Portugal</country><wicri:regionArea>Forest Research Centre, School of Agriculture, University of Lisbon Lisbon</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>University of Lisbon Lisbon</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Delzon, Sylvain" sort="Delzon, Sylvain" uniqKey="Delzon S" first="Sylvain" last="Delzon">Sylvain Delzon</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>INRA, University of Bordeaux, UMR BIOGECO Talence, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>INRA, University of Bordeaux, UMR BIOGECO Talence</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>UMR BIOGECO Talence</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>UMR BIOGECO Talence</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gebauer, Roman" sort="Gebauer, Roman" uniqKey="Gebauer R" first="Roman" last="Gebauer">Roman Gebauer</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Forest, Botany, Dendrology and Geobiocenology, Mendel University in Brno Brno, Czech Republic.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">République tchèque</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Forest, Botany, Dendrology and Geobiocenology, Mendel University in Brno Brno</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Mendel University in Brno Brno</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gronlund, Leila" sort="Gronlund, Leila" uniqKey="Gronlund L" first="Leila" last="Grönlund">Leila Grönlund</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki Helsinki, Finland.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Finlande</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki Helsinki</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>University of Helsinki Helsinki</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kiorapostolou, Natasa" sort="Kiorapostolou, Natasa" uniqKey="Kiorapostolou N" first="Natasa" last="Kiorapostolou">Natasa Kiorapostolou</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Department of Environmental Sciences, Wageningen University Wageningen, Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Pays-Bas</country><wicri:regionArea>Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Department of Environmental Sciences, Wageningen University Wageningen</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Wageningen University Wageningen</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lechthaler, Silvia" sort="Lechthaler, Silvia" uniqKey="Lechthaler S" first="Silvia" last="Lechthaler">Silvia Lechthaler</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department Territorio e Sistemi Agro-Forestali, Legnaro (PD), Università degli Studi di Padova Padova, Italy.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department Territorio e Sistemi Agro-Forestali, Legnaro (PD), Università degli Studi di Padova Padova</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Università degli Studi di Padova Padova</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lobo Do Vale, Raquel" sort="Lobo Do Vale, Raquel" uniqKey="Lobo Do Vale R" first="Raquel" last="Lobo-Do-Vale">Raquel Lobo-Do-Vale</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Forest Research Centre, School of Agriculture, University of Lisbon Lisbon, Portugal.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Portugal</country><wicri:regionArea>Forest Research Centre, School of Agriculture, University of Lisbon Lisbon</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>University of Lisbon Lisbon</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Peters, Richard L" sort="Peters, Richard L" uniqKey="Peters R" first="Richard L" last="Peters">Richard L. Peters</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL Birmensdorf, Switzerland.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country><wicri:regionArea>Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL Birmensdorf</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Snow and Landscape Research WSL Birmensdorf</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Petit, Giai" sort="Petit, Giai" uniqKey="Petit G" first="Giai" last="Petit">Giai Petit</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department Territorio e Sistemi Agro-Forestali, Legnaro (PD), Università degli Studi di Padova Padova, Italy.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department Territorio e Sistemi Agro-Forestali, Legnaro (PD), Università degli Studi di Padova Padova</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Università degli Studi di Padova Padova</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Prendin, Angela L" sort="Prendin, Angela L" uniqKey="Prendin A" first="Angela L" last="Prendin">Angela L. Prendin</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department Territorio e Sistemi Agro-Forestali, Legnaro (PD), Università degli Studi di Padova Padova, Italy.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department Territorio e Sistemi Agro-Forestali, Legnaro (PD), Università degli Studi di Padova Padova</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Università degli Studi di Padova Padova</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Salmon, Yann" sort="Salmon, Yann" uniqKey="Salmon Y" first="Yann" last="Salmon">Yann Salmon</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Physics, University of Helsinki Helsinki, Finland.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Finlande</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Physics, University of Helsinki Helsinki</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>University of Helsinki Helsinki</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Steppe, Kathy" sort="Steppe, Kathy" uniqKey="Steppe K" first="Kathy" last="Steppe">Kathy Steppe</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Department of Applied Ecology and Environmental Biology, Ghent University Gent, Belgium.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Belgique</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Department of Applied Ecology and Environmental Biology, Ghent University Gent</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Ghent University Gent</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Urban, Josef" sort="Urban, Josef" uniqKey="Urban J" first="Josef" last="Urban">Josef Urban</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Forest, Botany, Dendrology and Geobiocenology, Mendel University in Brno Brno, Czech Republic.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">République tchèque</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Forest, Botany, Dendrology and Geobiocenology, Mendel University in Brno Brno</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Mendel University in Brno Brno</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Roig Juan, Silvia" sort="Roig Juan, Silvia" uniqKey="Roig Juan S" first="Sílvia" last="Roig Juan">Sílvia Roig Juan</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Natural Resources Institute Finland Vantaa, Finland.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Finlande</country><wicri:regionArea>Natural Resources Institute Finland Vantaa</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Robert, Elisabeth M R" sort="Robert, Elisabeth M R" uniqKey="Robert E" first="Elisabeth M R" last="Robert">Elisabeth M R. Robert</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Centre for Ecological Research and Forestry Applications (CREAF)Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain; Laboratory of Plant Biology and Nature Management (APNA), Vrije Universiteit BrusselBrussels, Belgium; Laboratory of Wood Biology and Xylarium, Royal Museum for Central Africa (RMCA)Tervuren, Belgium.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Belgique</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre for Ecological Research and Forestry Applications (CREAF)Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain; Laboratory of Plant Biology and Nature Management (APNA), Vrije Universiteit BrusselBrussels, Belgium; Laboratory of Wood Biology and Xylarium, Royal Museum for Central Africa (RMCA)Tervuren</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Royal Museum for Central Africa (RMCA)Tervuren</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Holtt, Teemu" sort="Holtt, Teemu" uniqKey="Holtt T" first="Teemu" last="Höltt">Teemu Höltt</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki Helsinki, Finland.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Finlande</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki Helsinki</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>University of Helsinki Helsinki</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Frontiers in plant science</title><idno type="ISSN">1664-462X</idno><imprint><date when="2016" type="published">2016</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">Phloem osmolality and its components are involved in basic cell metabolism, cell growth, and in various physiological processes including the ability of living cells to withstand drought and frost. Osmolality and sugar composition responses to environmental stresses have been extensively studied for leaves, but less for the secondary phloem of plant stems and branches. Leaf osmotic concentration and the share of pinitol and raffinose among soluble sugars increase with increasing drought or cold stress, and osmotic concentration is adjusted with osmoregulation. We hypothesize that similar responses occur in the secondary phloem of branches. We collected living bark samples from branches of adult Pinus sylvestris, Picea abies, Betula pendula and Populus tremula trees across Europe, from boreal Northern Finland to Mediterranean Portugal. In all studied species, the observed variation in phloem osmolality was mainly driven by variation in phloem water content, while tissue solute content was rather constant across regions. Osmoregulation, in which osmolality is controlled by variable tissue solute content, was stronger for Betula and Populus in comparison to the evergreen conifers. Osmolality was lowest in mid-latitude region, and from there increased by 37% toward northern Europe and 38% toward southern Europe due to low phloem water content in these regions. The ratio of raffinose to all soluble sugars was negligible at mid-latitudes and increased toward north and south, reflecting its role in cold and drought tolerance. For pinitol, another sugar known for contributing to stress tolerance, no such latitudinal pattern was observed. The proportion of sucrose was remarkably low and that of hexoses (i.e., glucose and fructose) high at mid-latitudes. The ratio of starch to all non-structural carbohydrates increased toward the northern latitudes in agreement with the build-up of osmotically inactive C reservoir that can be converted into soluble sugars during winter acclimation in these cold regions. Present results for the secondary phloem of trees suggest that adjustment with tissue water content plays an important role in osmolality dynamics. Furthermore, trees acclimated to dry and cold climate showed high phloem osmolality and raffinose proportion. </div></front></TEI><pubmed><MedlineCitation Status="PubMed-not-MEDLINE" Owner="NLM"><PMID Version="1">27313582</PMID><DateCompleted><Year>2016</Year><Month>06</Month><Day>17</Day></DateCompleted><DateRevised><Year>2020</Year><Month>10</Month><Day>01</Day></DateRevised><Article PubModel="Electronic-eCollection"><Journal><ISSN IssnType="Print">1664-462X</ISSN><JournalIssue CitedMedium="Print"><Volume>7</Volume><PubDate><Year>2016</Year></PubDate></JournalIssue><Title>Frontiers in plant science</Title><ISOAbbreviation>Front Plant Sci</ISOAbbreviation></Journal><ArticleTitle>Osmolality and Non-Structural Carbohydrate Composition in the Secondary Phloem of Trees across a Latitudinal Gradient in Europe.</ArticleTitle><Pagination><MedlinePgn>726</MedlinePgn></Pagination><ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.3389/fpls.2016.00726</ELocationID><Abstract><AbstractText>Phloem osmolality and its components are involved in basic cell metabolism, cell growth, and in various physiological processes including the ability of living cells to withstand drought and frost. Osmolality and sugar composition responses to environmental stresses have been extensively studied for leaves, but less for the secondary phloem of plant stems and branches. Leaf osmotic concentration and the share of pinitol and raffinose among soluble sugars increase with increasing drought or cold stress, and osmotic concentration is adjusted with osmoregulation. We hypothesize that similar responses occur in the secondary phloem of branches. We collected living bark samples from branches of adult Pinus sylvestris, Picea abies, Betula pendula and Populus tremula trees across Europe, from boreal Northern Finland to Mediterranean Portugal. In all studied species, the observed variation in phloem osmolality was mainly driven by variation in phloem water content, while tissue solute content was rather constant across regions. Osmoregulation, in which osmolality is controlled by variable tissue solute content, was stronger for Betula and Populus in comparison to the evergreen conifers. Osmolality was lowest in mid-latitude region, and from there increased by 37% toward northern Europe and 38% toward southern Europe due to low phloem water content in these regions. The ratio of raffinose to all soluble sugars was negligible at mid-latitudes and increased toward north and south, reflecting its role in cold and drought tolerance. For pinitol, another sugar known for contributing to stress tolerance, no such latitudinal pattern was observed. The proportion of sucrose was remarkably low and that of hexoses (i.e., glucose and fructose) high at mid-latitudes. The ratio of starch to all non-structural carbohydrates increased toward the northern latitudes in agreement with the build-up of osmotically inactive C reservoir that can be converted into soluble sugars during winter acclimation in these cold regions. Present results for the secondary phloem of trees suggest that adjustment with tissue water content plays an important role in osmolality dynamics. Furthermore, trees acclimated to dry and cold climate showed high phloem osmolality and raffinose proportion. </AbstractText></Abstract><AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Lintunen</LastName><ForeName>Anna</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki Helsinki, Finland.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Paljakka</LastName><ForeName>Teemu</ForeName><Initials>T</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki Helsinki, Finland.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Jyske</LastName><ForeName>Tuula</ForeName><Initials>T</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Natural Resources Institute Finland Vantaa, Finland.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Peltoniemi</LastName><ForeName>Mikko</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Natural Resources Institute Finland Vantaa, Finland.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Sterck</LastName><ForeName>Frank</ForeName><Initials>F</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Department of Environmental Sciences, Wageningen University Wageningen, Netherlands.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>von Arx</LastName><ForeName>Georg</ForeName><Initials>G</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL Birmensdorf, Switzerland.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Cochard</LastName><ForeName>Hervé</ForeName><Initials>H</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>INRA, UMR 547 PIAF, Université Clermont Auvergne Clermont-Ferrand, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Copini</LastName><ForeName>Paul</ForeName><Initials>P</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Department of Environmental Sciences, Wageningen UniversityWageningen, Netherlands; Alterra, Wageningen University and Research CentreWageningen, Netherlands.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Caldeira</LastName><ForeName>Maria C</ForeName><Initials>MC</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Forest Research Centre, School of Agriculture, University of Lisbon Lisbon, Portugal.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Delzon</LastName><ForeName>Sylvain</ForeName><Initials>S</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>INRA, University of Bordeaux, UMR BIOGECO Talence, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Gebauer</LastName><ForeName>Roman</ForeName><Initials>R</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Forest, Botany, Dendrology and Geobiocenology, Mendel University in Brno Brno, Czech Republic.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Grönlund</LastName><ForeName>Leila</ForeName><Initials>L</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki Helsinki, Finland.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Kiorapostolou</LastName><ForeName>Natasa</ForeName><Initials>N</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Department of Environmental Sciences, Wageningen University Wageningen, Netherlands.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Lechthaler</LastName><ForeName>Silvia</ForeName><Initials>S</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department Territorio e Sistemi Agro-Forestali, Legnaro (PD), Università degli Studi di Padova Padova, Italy.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Lobo-do-Vale</LastName><ForeName>Raquel</ForeName><Initials>R</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Forest Research Centre, School of Agriculture, University of Lisbon Lisbon, Portugal.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Peters</LastName><ForeName>Richard L</ForeName><Initials>RL</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL Birmensdorf, Switzerland.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Petit</LastName><ForeName>Giai</ForeName><Initials>G</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department Territorio e Sistemi Agro-Forestali, Legnaro (PD), Università degli Studi di Padova Padova, Italy.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Prendin</LastName><ForeName>Angela L</ForeName><Initials>AL</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department Territorio e Sistemi Agro-Forestali, Legnaro (PD), Università degli Studi di Padova Padova, Italy.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Salmon</LastName><ForeName>Yann</ForeName><Initials>Y</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Physics, University of Helsinki Helsinki, Finland.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Steppe</LastName><ForeName>Kathy</ForeName><Initials>K</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Department of Applied Ecology and Environmental Biology, Ghent University Gent, Belgium.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Urban</LastName><ForeName>Josef</ForeName><Initials>J</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Forest, Botany, Dendrology and Geobiocenology, Mendel University in Brno Brno, Czech Republic.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Roig Juan</LastName><ForeName>Sílvia</ForeName><Initials>S</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Natural Resources Institute Finland Vantaa, Finland.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Robert</LastName><ForeName>Elisabeth M R</ForeName><Initials>EM</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Centre for Ecological Research and Forestry Applications (CREAF)Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain; Laboratory of Plant Biology and Nature Management (APNA), Vrije Universiteit BrusselBrussels, Belgium; Laboratory of Wood Biology and Xylarium, Royal Museum for Central Africa (RMCA)Tervuren, Belgium.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Hölttä</LastName><ForeName>Teemu</ForeName><Initials>T</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki Helsinki, Finland.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author></AuthorList><Language>eng</Language><PublicationTypeList><PublicationType UI="D016428">Journal Article</PublicationType></PublicationTypeList><ArticleDate DateType="Electronic"><Year>2016</Year><Month>06</Month><Day>01</Day></ArticleDate></Article><MedlineJournalInfo><Country>Switzerland</Country><MedlineTA>Front Plant Sci</MedlineTA><NlmUniqueID>101568200</NlmUniqueID><ISSNLinking>1664-462X</ISSNLinking></MedlineJournalInfo><KeywordList Owner="NOTNLM"><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">hexose</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">osmotic concentration</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">phloem water content</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">pinitol</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">raffinose</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">starch</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">sucrose</Keyword></KeywordList></MedlineCitation><PubmedData><History><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="received"><Year>2016</Year><Month>01</Month><Day>27</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="accepted"><Year>2016</Year><Month>05</Month><Day>11</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate 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